Uncyclopedia:Imperial Colonization/United States presidential election, 2016

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United States presidential election, 2016
United States
2012 ←
November 8, 2016 → 2020

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout TBD
 
Donald Trump, October 2016 by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg
Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton
Party Republican Party (United States) Democratic Party (United States)
Home state New York New York
Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine
Electoral vote 306[1][2][3] 232[1][2][3]
States carried 30 + ME-02 20 + D.C.
Popular vote 60,350,241[4] 60,981,118[4]
Percentage 47.30% 47.79%

ElectoralCollege2016.svg

Presidential election results map.
Red denotes states projected for Trump/Pence;
Blue denotes those projected for Clinton/Kaine;
Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state. The electoral college will vote on December 19, 2016.

President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic Party (United States)

President-elect

Donald Trump
Republican Party (United States)

Hillary cunt.jpg
Hillarydilemma.jpg
The Clinton campaign released a letter from her physician, Lisa Bardack of Mount Kisco, New York, attesting to her good health based on a full medical evaluation.
Barack Obama, the incumbent president, whose term expires in January 2017

Background[edit source]

2008 presidential election[edit source]

2010 midterm elections[edit source]

2012 presidential election[edit source]

2014 midterm elections[edit source]

Democratic Party[edit source]

Primaries[edit source]

Nominees[edit source]

Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party ticket, 2016
Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine
for President for Vice President
Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Tim Kaine crop.jpg
67th
U.S. Secretary of State
(2009–2013)
U.S. Senator from Virginia
(2013–present)
Campaign
Clinton3.gif

Other major candidates[edit source]

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
Bernie Sanders Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Lincoln Chafee Jim Webb
Bernie Sanders September 2015 cropped.jpg
Governor O'Malley Portrait.jpg
Lessig (cropped).png
Lincoln Chafee (14290233225) (cropped).jpg
Jim Webb official 110th Congress photo (cropped).jpg
U.S. Senator from Vermont (2007–present)
61st
Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015)
Harvard Law Professor
(2009–2016)
74th
Governor of Rhode Island
(2011–2015)
U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2007–2013)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
LN: July 26, 2016
13,167,848 primary votes and 1,846 delegates
W: February 1, 2016
110,423 votes
W: November 2, 2015
4 write-in votes in New Hampshire
W: October 23, 2015
0 votes
W: October 20, 2015
2 write-in votes in New Hampshire

Vice presidential selection[edit source]

Republican Party[edit source]

Primaries[edit source]

Nominees[edit source]

Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party ticket, 2016
Donald Trump Mike Pence
for President for Vice President
Donald Trump August 19, 2015 3 by 2.jpg
Mike Pence by Gage Skidmore 6.jpg
Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–present)
50th
Governor of Indiana
(2013–present)
Campaign
Trump-Pence 2016.svg

Other major candidates[edit source]

Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries
John Kasich Ted Cruz Marco Rubio Ben Carson Jeb Bush Jim Gilmore Carly Fiorina Chris Christie
Governor John Kasich.jpg
Ted Cruz, official portrait, 113th Congress (cropped 2).jpg
Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg
Ben Carson by Skidmore with lighting correction.jpg
Jeb Bush Feb 2015.jpg
Jim Gilmore 2015.jpg
Carly Fiorina NFRW 2015.jpg
Chris Christie April 2015 (cropped).jpg
69th
Governor of Ohio
(2011–present)
U.S. Senator
from Texas
(2013–present)
U.S. Senator
from Florida
(2011–present)
Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery,
Johns Hopkins Hospital
(1984–2013)
43rd
Governor of Florida
(1999–2007)
68th
Governor of Virginia
(1998–2002)
CEO of Hewlett-Packard
(1999–2005)
55th
Governor of New Jersey
(2010–present)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
W: May 4
4,287,479 votes
W: May 3
7,811,110 votes
W: Mar 15
3,514,124 votes
W: Mar 4
857,009 votes
W: Feb 20
286,634 votes
W: Feb 12
18,364 votes
W: Feb 10
40,577 votes
W: Feb 10
57,634 votes
Rand Paul Rick Santorum Mike Huckabee George Pataki Lindsey Graham Bobby Jindal Scott Walker Rick Perry
Rand Paul, official portrait, 112th Congress alternate (cropped).jpg
Rick Santorum by Gage Skidmore 8 (cropped2).jpg
Mike Huckabee by Gage Skidmore 6 (cropped).jpg
George Pataki FP University 2015.jpg
Lindsey Graham by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg
Bobby Jindal 26 February 2015.jpg
Scott Walker March 2015.jpg
Rick Perry February 2015.jpg
U.S. Senator
from Kentucky
(2011–present)
U.S. Senator
from Pennsylvania
(1995–2007)
44th
Governor of Arkansas
(1996–2007)
53rd
Governor of New York
(1995–2006)
U.S. Senator
from South Carolina
(2003–present)
55th
Governor of Louisiana
(2008–2016)
45th
Governor of Wisconsin
(2011–present)
47th
Governor of Texas
(2000–2015)
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
Campaign
W: Feb 3
66,781 votes
W: Feb 3
16,622 votes
W: Feb 1
51,436 votes
W: December 29, 2015
2,036 votes
W: December 21, 2015
5,666 votes
W: November 17, 2015
222 votes
W: September 21, 2015
0 votes
W: September 11, 2015
0 votes

Vice presidential selection[edit source]

Major third parties and independents[edit source]

Libertarian Party[edit source]

Nominees[edit source]

Libertarian Party ticket, 2016
Gary Johnson William Weld
for President for Vice President
Gary Johnson campaign portrait.jpg
Bill Weld campaign portrait.jpg
29th
Governor of New Mexico
(1995–2003)
68th
Governor of Massachusetts
(1991–1997)
Campaign
Johnson Weld 2016.svg

Green Party[edit source]

Nominees[edit source]

Green Party of the United States New Logo.png
Green Party ticket, 2016
Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka
for President for Vice President
Dercy noiva.jpg
Mr. motivator.jpg
Physician
from Lexington, Massachusetts
Activist
from Washington, D.C.
Campaign
SteinBaraka.png

Constitution Party[edit source]

Nominees[edit source]

Constitution Party ticket, 2016
Darrell Castle Scott Bradley
for President for Vice President
DCastle08.jpg
Attorney
from Memphis, Tennessee
Businessman
from Utah
Campaign

Evan McMullin's candidacy[edit source]

Independent ticket, 2016
Evan McMullin
for President
Chief policy director for the
House Republican Conference (2015–2016)
Campaign
Evanmcmullin.png
[5]

Other third parties and independents[edit source]

<div class="thumb tnone" style="max-width: Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[".px; margin: 0 auto;">

Ballot access for the American Delta Party and Reform Party
Ballot access for the Party for Socialism and Liberation, Peace and Freedom Party, and Liberty Union Party
Party Presidential nominee Vice presidential nominee Electors
(write-in)
States with ballot access
(write-in)
Independent

American Delta Party
Reform Party

Rocky De La Fuente
Businessman from San Diego, California
Michael Steinberg
Lawyer from Florida
147
(192)
Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

(Alabama, Arizona, Pennsylvania, West Virginia)[13][14][15][16]

Party for Socialism and Liberation

Peace and Freedom
Liberty Union Party

Gloria La Riva
Newspaper printer and activist from California
Eugene Puryear
Activist from Washington, D.C.
112
(157)
California, Colorado, Iowa, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington[17][18]

(Alabama, Delaware, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, West Virginia)[13][19][15]

Socialist Workers Party Alyson Kennedy
Mineworker and Labor Leader from Illinois
Osborne Hart
of Pennsylvania
70
(116)
Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, Washington[17]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

Workers World Party Monica Moorehead
perennial candidate and political activist from Alabama
Lamont Lilly
of North Carolina
30
(148)
New Jersey, Utah, Wisconsin[17]

(Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia)[13][20][21][15][22]

Socialist Party USA

Natural Law Party

Mimi Soltysik
former National Co-Chair of the Socialist Party USA from California
Campaign
Angela Walker
of Wisconsin
25
(140)
Colorado, Michigan, Guam

(Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont)

Prohibition Party James Hedges
former Tax Assessor for Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania
Bill Bayes
of Mississippi[23]
21
(96)
Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi[17]

(Alabama, Iowa, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[13][24][15]

Independent Mike Smith
Lawyer, Colorado
Daniel White 20
(147)
Colorado, Tennessee[17]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia)[13][25][14][26][15][27][22]

Independent Richard Duncan
of Ohio
Ricky Johnson 18
(136)
Ohio[28]

(Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[13][25][19][18][20][24][15]

Independent Laurence Kotlikoff
Economics Professor at Boston University, Massachusetts
Edward E. Leamer
Economics Professor at UCLA, California
17
(236)
Colorado, Louisiana[17]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia)[13][25][14][18][29][20][30][24][21][26][15][16][31][22]

America's Party Tom Hoefling
activist from Iowa
Steve Schulin
of South Carolina
17
(177)
Colorado, Louisiana

(Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont)

Veterans Party of America Chris Keniston
reliability engineer from Texas
Deacon Taylor
of Nevada
17
(106)
Colorado, Louisiana

(Alabama, Alaska, Iowa, Kentucky, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

Legal Marijuana Now Party Dan Vacek
of Minnesota
Mark Elworth Jr.
of Nebraska
16
(70)
Iowa, Minnesota

(Alabama, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

Independent Lynn Kahn
Doctor of Clinical Psychology from Maryland
Kathleen Monahan
of Florida
12
(71)
Arkansas, Iowa

(Alabama, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)

American Solidarity Party Mike Maturen
sales professional and magician from Michigan
Juan Muñoz
of Texas
9
(192)
Colorado

(Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont)

Independent Joseph Allen Maldonado
of Oklahoma
Douglas K. Terranova 9
(130)
Colorado[32]

(Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia)[13][25][14][19][20][24][15][16][22]

Independent Ryan Alan Scott Bruce Kendall Barnard 9
(69)
Colorado[32]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

Approval Voting Party Frank Atwood
of Colorado
Blake Huber
of Colorado
9
(69)
Colorado[32]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

Independent American Party Kyle Kenle Kopitke
of Michigan
Narthan R. Sorenson 9
(69)
Colorado[32]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

Nutrition Party Rod Silva
restaurateur from New Jersey
Richard Silva 9
(69)
Colorado[32]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

United States Pacifist Party Bradford Lyttle
peace activist from Illinois
Hannah Walsh 9
(69)
Colorado[32]

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

American Party (South Carolina) Peter Skewes
Animal Science Professor at Clemson University, South Carolina
undeclared 9
(69)
South Carolina

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

Independent Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro
of California
Milton Fambro
of California
8
(68)
Louisiana

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

Socialist Equality Party Jerry White
peace activist from Michigan
Niles Niemuth
journalist from Wisconsin
8
(76)
Louisiana

(Alabama, Iowa, Kentucky, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

Independent American Party Rocky Giordani
from California
Farley Anderson
activist from Utah
6
(66)
Utah

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)[13]

Constitution Party of Idaho Scott Copeland
of Texas
J.R. Meyers 4
(64)
Idaho

(Alabama, Iowa, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

Swing states[edit source]

NBC's electoral map projection
Safe republican
Leaning republican
toss-up
Leaning democrat
Safe democrat


State Electoral
votes
2012
margin
2014
Cook PVI
Cook
Sept. 29
2016
RCP
Oct. 1
2016
Roth.
Sept. 30
2016
Sabato
Sept. 26
2016
Last
swing
Arizona 11 9.1 R R+7 Lean R Tossup Lean R Likely R 1996
Colorado 9 5.4 D D+1 Lean D Tossup Lean D Lean D 2004
Florida 29 0.9 D R+2 Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup 2004
Georgia 16 7.8 R R+6 Lean R Tossup Lean R Likely R 1992
Iowa 6 5.8 D D+1 Lean R Tossup Tossup Lean R 2004
Maine CD-2 1 8.6 D D+2 Lean R Lean R No rating Lean R 1988
Michigan 16 9.5 D D+4 Lean D Tossup D Favored Lean D 1988
Nebraska CD-2 1 7.2 R R+4 Tossup Likely R No rating Tossup 2008
Nevada 6 6.7 D D+2 Tossup Tossup Tilt D Tossup 2004
New Hampshire 4 5.6 D D+1 Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D 2000
North Carolina 15 2.0 R R+3 Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup 2008
Ohio 18 3.0 D R+1 Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean R 2004
Pennsylvania 20 5.4 D D+1 Lean D Tossup Lean D Lean D 1988
Wisconsin 10 6.9 D D+2 Lean D Tossup Tilt D Lean D 1984

Party conventions[edit source]

Map of United States showing Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Orlando
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Orlando
Houston
Salt Lake City
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Libertarian Party
Green Party
Constitution Party
Constitution Party
  • April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Libertarian Party
  • May 26–30, 2016: Libertarian National Convention was held in Orlando, Florida.
Republican Party
  • July 18–21, 2016: Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio.
Democratic Party
  • July 25–28, 2016: Democratic National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Green Party
  • August 4–7, 2016: Green National Convention was held in Houston, Texas.

Campaign finance[edit source]

Candidate Campaign committee (as of August 31) Outside groups (as of September 12) Total spent
Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand
Hillary Clinton $386,343,313 $317,914,036 $68,429,276 $214,311 $143,509,897 $102,406,835 $41,103,062 $420,320,871
Donald Trump $169,731,955 $119,471,512 $50,260,442 $0 $40,007,484 $27,773,044 $12,234,440 $147,244,556
Rocky De La Fuente $6,941,792 $6,922,609 $19,183 $6,924,793 $0 $0 $0 $6,922,609
Gary Johnson $7,937,914 $5,445,399 $2,493,150 $1,538,118 $530,100 $5,000 $525,100 $5,450,399
Jill Stein $2,762,007 $2,608,275 $153,732 $40,000 $0 $0 $0 $2,608,275
Evan McMullin $322,441 $277,814 $44,626 $0 $0 $0 $0 $277,814
Gloria La Riva * $25,234 $10,092 $15,140 $0 $0 $0 $0 $10,092
Darrell Castle * $10,289 $7,313 $2,976 $2,500 $0 $0 $0 $7,313
Monica Moorehead * $5,320 $3,882 $1,437 $2,000 $0 $0 $0 $3,882
Peter Skewes * $6,994 $3,399 $7,189 $8,000 $0 $0 $0 $3,399
* Last quarterly report filed June 30  

Debates[edit source]

Map of United States showing debate locations
Hofstra University
Hempstead, NY
Longwood University
Farmville, VA
Washington University
St. Louis, MO
University of Nevada
Las Vegas
University of Colorado Boulder
Sites of the 2016 general election debates

Primary election debates[edit source]

General election debates[edit source]

Debates among candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election
No. Date Time Host City Moderator(s) Participants
P1 September 26, 2016 9 pm ET Hofstra University Hempstead, New York Lester Holt Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
VP October 4, 2016 9 pm ET Longwood University Farmville, Virginia Elaine Quijano Tim Kaine
Mike Pence
P2 October 9, 2016 TBA Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Anderson Cooper
Martha Raddatz
Hillary Clinton
Donald Trump
P3 October 19, 2016 TBA University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada Chris Wallace TBD
P4 October 25, 2016 4 pm MT University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, Colorado TBA TBD

       = Sponsored by the CPD         = Sponsored by Free & Equal

Newspaper endorsements[edit source]

Forecasting[edit source]

See also[edit source]

References[edit source]

External links[edit source]

  1. 1.0 1.1 Presidential Results. NBC. Retrieved on November 10, 2016.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Election results 2016. CNN. Retrieved on November 9, 2016.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Projection
  4. 4.0 4.1 AP Election Results. Associated Press. Retrieved on November 12, 2016.
  5. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BuzzFeed
  6. Winger, Richard (September 1, 2016). September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition. Ballot Access News. Retrieved on September 15, 2016.
  7. Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi ballot. ballot-access.org (September 9, 2016).
  8. New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures | Ballot Acess News. Retrieved on September 8, 2016.
  9. Federal Nominations filed for the 2016 General Election. New York State Board of Elections (August 11, 2016). Retrieved on August 11, 2016.
  10. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ND2016-09-07
  11. Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures. Ballot Access News. Retrieved on September 9, 2016.
  12. Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures; Still Checking Evan McMullin. Ballot Access News. Retrieved on September 8, 2016.
  13. 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 Winger, Richard (July 1, 2016). Ballot Access News. Retrieved on September 10, 2016.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AZ
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Write-In Candidate Listing. West Virginia Secretary of State (2016). Retrieved on September 10, 2016.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 2016 General Election Information. Retrieved on 2016-10-03.
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Winger, Richard (September 1, 2016). September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition. Retrieved on September 15, 2016.
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 Candidate Listing. Florida Department of State, Division of Elections (2016). Retrieved on September 13, 2016.
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 Declared Write-In Candidates, November 8, 2016 General Election. Delaware Department of Elections (2016). Retrieved on September 21, 2016.
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 2016 Presidential Elector Candidates. Indiana Secretary of State (2016). Retrieved on September 13, 2016.
  21. 21.0 21.1 2016 Write-in Certificate with New Presidential Write-in. Texas Secretary of State (2016). Retrieved on September 22, 2016.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 ELECTION NOTICE FOR USE WITH THE FEDERAL WRITE-IN ABSENTEE BALLOT (FWAB). Greene County Board of Elections. Retrieved on 2016-10-05.
  23. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named National ticket
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MD
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 November 8, 2016 General Election Candidate List. State of Alaska Division of Elections (2016). Retrieved on September 22, 2016.
  26. 26.0 26.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named UT
  27. Election Candidate Filings - President of the United States. Retrieved on 2016-10-05.
  28. Husted, Jon (August 24, 2016). Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President. Ohio Secretary of State. Retrieved on September 12, 2016.
  29. Winger, Richard (September 19, 2016). Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write-in Presidential Candidate. Ballot Access News. Retrieved on September 21, 2016.
  30. List of Declared Write-in Candidates for the General Election. Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions (September 9, 2016). Retrieved on September 22, 2016.
  31. Election Candidate Filings - President of the United States. Retrieved on 2016-10-05.
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CO